| 1 | To be able to analyze the human eye as an optical system and define its refractive media and optical properties. |
| 2 | To be able to explain the optical causes and characteristics of basic refractive errors such as myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism. |
| 3 | To be able to understand how refractive errors are measured (such as with retinoscopy) and evaluated using objective and subjective methods. |
| 4 | To be able to understand the correction of refractive errors through different optical principles, such as eyeglasses, contact lenses, and surgical methods. |
| 5 | To know the visual functions such as visual acuity, visual field, and pupillary reflexes, and the factors that affect them. |