| 1 | Describe basic knowledge and terminology about digestive tract and digestive glands, |
| 2 | Show and name the organs, glands and other formations of digestive system on cadaver and model, |
| 3 | Describe the anatomical structure of the inguinal canal, the anterior and lateral walls of the abdomen and understand their importance, |
| 4 | Describe the histology of the mouth cavity, the structures in it and the parts of pharynx, |
| 5 | Describe the layers of the digestive tract and the histological properties of each layer, |
| 6 | Describe the histology of the esophagus, microscopic structure of the stomach, its layers, stomach glands and their functions, |
| 7 | Describe the surface specializations of the small intestine, the histological stratification of its wall and its cells, |
| 8 | List the parts of the large intestine and interpret its histological differences, |
| 9 | Explain the importance of liver in the digestive system, its histological organization, lobulation and functions, |
| 10 | Explain the histological structure of bile ducts, the layers of bile sac and their histological features, |
| 11 | Describe the embryology of the pancreas, duct system, its histology, enzymes and functions, |
| 12 | Explain the embryology of the digestive tract, list the structures that develop from the foregut, midgut and hindgut, |
| 13 | Describe which structures develop from the esophagus pockets, curves and slits and understand the importance of digestive system anomalies, |
| 14 | Describe the processes of digestion in the mouth, stomach, small and large intestines, |
| 15 | Describe the roles of digestive glands during digestion, |
| 16 | Describe the formation and functions of bile secretion and the factors regulating these functions, |
| 17 | Describe the role of bile in the digestive tract, |
| 18 | Describe secretion of pancreatic enzymes and the factors regulating secretion, |
| 19 | Describe roles of pancreatic enzymes during digestion, |
| 20 | Describe the absorption occurring in parts of the gastrointestinal tract, |
| 21 | Identify the basic pathologies and clinical situation that can arise due to disruptions in the digestion and absorption within the gastrointestinal tract, |
| 22 | Describe metabolic rate, basal metabolic rate and the factors that alter these processes, |
| 23 | Explain the hunger, satiety, appetite and the physiological mechanisms that regulate these processes, |
| 24 | Describe the integration of the metabolism, |
| 25 | Describe the digestion and absorption of carbohydrates, |
| 26 | Describe the digestion and absorption of lipids, |
| 27 | List detoxification mechanisms, |
| 28 | Describe the liver function tests, |
| 29 | List the systems that are involved in thermoregulation, |
| 30 | Explain the mechanisms that regulate body temperature, |
| 31 | Explain the functions of systems that are activated by cold and hot factors, |
| 32 | Describe terms such as hypothermia and hyperthermia, |
| 33 | Explain the reactions of the necessary systems for normothermia, |
| 34 | Describe the similarities and differences between the basic genetic pathways in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells; define the terms “genetic code, codon and anticodon”, |
| 35 | Compare mRNA, tRNA, rRNA and the structure of the ribosome in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, |
| 36 | Describe the steps and the components of protein synthesis; interpret the similarities and differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells in terms of protein synthesis, |
| 37 | Learn about the activation reaction of amino acids involved in protein synthesis and how peptide bonds are formed between amino acids, understand the importance of protein synthesis for the organism, |
| 38 | Group Post-translational modification (PTM) reactions that occur following synthesis; proteolytic cleavage, formation of disulfide bonds, sulfation, acetylation, glycosylation, and PTM reactions in specific amino acids such as phosphorylation, hydroxylation, methylation and carboxylation, and understand the importance of PTMs for the organism, |
| 39 | Explain how to inhibit protein synthesis in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and the mechanism of action of certain antibiotics, |
| 40 | Know the metabolic requirements that increase the catabolism of amino acids, and describe the positive and negative nitrogen balance, |
| 41 | Learn how the amine group present in the structure of amino acids transforms to ammonia and then the urea in hepatocytes; understand transamination, oxidative deamination, amidation and deamidation reactions and their importance for the organism, |
| 42 | Describe how the ammonia that is produced by the extrahepatic tissues is transported to the liver, |
| 43 | Discuss the possible causes of ammonia intoxication and the neurotoxic effect of ammonia, |
| 44 | Learn the steps of the urea cycle together with its enzymes; understand the relationship between the urea cycle and the TCA cycle, and know how the rate of urea cycling is regulated, 46. Identify genetic defects related to the urea cycle, |
| 45 | Describe metabolic diseases associated with lipid metabolism and enzyme deficiencies related to these diseases, |
| 46 | Describe enzyme deficiencies related to carbohydrate metabolism and the most common metabolic diseases associated with them, |
| 47 | Explain metabolic diseases related to amino acid metabolism, especially phenylketonuria, |
| 48 | 50. Define the microbiological properties of enterobacteria and identify colonies of E. coli, Shigella, Salmonella, Proteus, Pseudomonas bacteria, |
| 49 | Identify mostly encountered pathogens, |
| 50 | Perform and evaluate antibiograms, |
| 51 | Evaluate bacteria according to their culture and staining characteristics, |
| 52 | Understand the importance of serological and molecular biology diagnostic methods for the diagnosis of viruses, |
| 53 | Identify Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichiuristrichiura, Enterobius vermicularis, Hatchlings, Strongiloides stercoralis, Trichinellaspiralis and Filarials and perform their macroscopic and microscopic diagnosis, |
| 54 | Identify Taenialar, Hymenolepisnana, Diphyllobotrium latum and Echinococcus, and perform their macroscopic and microscopic diagnosis, |
| 55 | Make microscopic diagnoses of Fasciolahepatica, Dicrocelium dentriticum and Schistosoma, |
| 56 | Explain and recognize vector arthropods, scabies, ticks and venomous arthropods, |
| 57 | Prepare and make a microscopic examination of fresh samples of feces, |
| 58 | Prepare stained/unstained samples for microscopic examination, |
| 59 | Remove a tick from where it attached to the patient’s body. |